buy custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs essay

purchase custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs exposition The article Effects of Immigration on Jobs; Wages Is Difficult for Economists to Nail Dow clarifies on the impacts of the individuals who relocate and choose to remain in America. It shows that the individuals have aided monetary development however there are some symptoms. The individuals who moved to America have uprooted the laborers from America. Those without secondary school recognition have entered the working in easygoing employments henceforth lessening the wages. The assembling employments have declined, and this made more residents to stay jobless. In spite of the symptoms, migrants have helped a great deal in the development of economy, since they offer support with modest work. They make good on for government duties, and this aids development of economy of some state. Numerous foreigners join social associations, yet they return before resigning and they don't guarantee for their duty. The article, Defying Trends, Canada Lures More Migrants clarifies that Canada has profited by outsiders. Those under Manitoba offer easygoing types of assistance like driving, carpentry, plumbing, and weaving among others. They offer the support at modest cost and this makes Canada safe. Those cover lease and different tabs and this expands government income due to enormous expense. Outsiders additionally decide the political wave in light of the fact that about 20% of Canadian voters are outsiders. Canada needs more outsiders to offer easygoing types of assistance with low pay. The migrants have improved Canadian economy. Conclusion The settlers enhance the economy, since they make the nation progressively clogged. A portion of the outsiders leave their nation because of terrible record, and when acknowledged to remain in remote nation, they may later create criminal conduct and become a danger to security. Nations should asset the residents and train them to offer a wide range of assistance. At the point when a psychological militant enters a specific nation, he can bring more misfortune than 100 migrants bring. Every nation should deal with migrants with incredible consideration. Purchase custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs exposition

With close reference to the text explore what the stories of Crooks :: English Literature

With close reference to the content investigate what the tales of Crooks what's more, Curley's significant other uncover of the mentalities, culture and society among ranch laborers in 1930's America. With close reference to the content investigate what the narratives of Crooks also, Curley's better half uncover of the mentalities, culture and society among ranch laborers in 1930's America. In 1930s America there was a Great Depression and individuals were finding themselves without work. Numerous flyers were conveyed to the jobless disclosing to them that there was work in California. Hundreds ventured out to California, planning to look for some kind of employment yet before long found that the businesses had lied and there were scarcely any employments to be found. 'Of Mice and Men' is an anecdote around two men called Lennie and George who are transient laborers that head out around California attempting to make themselves enough cash to purchase a little plot of land. The reasons that they have not settled anyplace is that Lennie is regularly getting them in inconvenience and they are driven out and look for some kind of employment somewhere else. Lennie is a moronic character, who has the brain of a youngster in the body of a man. In spite of the fact that Lennie is deficient in cerebrums he compensates for it with his quality and has a special mix of solidarity and guiltlessness. Lennie's basic thought process implies that he depends intensely on George, who is astute and keen. George is a decent adjudicator of individuals' characters what's more, an acceptable laborer; he is humble and doesn't need any difficulty. George takes a ton of obligation regarding Lennie and attempts o instruct him to control his quality and keep him in the clear. At long last George needs to settle on a significant choice about Lennie and it is highly unlikely to change the outcomes. In spite of the fact that George and Lennie are the fundamental characters in the book I will be focusing on two minor characters, they are Crooks and Curley's spouse. In spite of the fact that they appear to be less significant than George and Lennie they are the best at demonstrating us the way of life and mentalities of the individuals during the 1930s. Evildoer is essentially viable at appearing social orders sentiments on handicaps and those of an alternate race, while Curley's better half depicts the circumstance of ladies. Together I am ready to acquire a lot of data on perspectives, culture and society among ranch laborers in 1930s America. The character of Crooks assumes a significant job in the book 'Of Mice also, Men' since Steinbeck can appear through Crooks the racial circumstance of the time. By utilizing a character to depict perspectives towards others of an alternate race, Steinbeck can incorporate the sentiments

Why We Need Young Memoirists

Why We Need Young Memoirists In early August, I went to an author event and it was powerful. Leigh Stein, who wrote what is probably my favorite book of the year, Land of Enchantment, came to Chicago on her book tour for a conversation about being a young memoirist and abusive relationships. She read a bit of the book, was casually interviewed by a Chicago Tribune reporter, and a really fabulous conversation ensued. Her parents were sitting in front of me as she talked about this book she wrote of her long, psychologically abusive relationship from her 20s. The whole event was very intimate. She talked about how people have been coming up to her and sending her messages about how they, too, have endured psychological abuse in relationships. Her writing opened the floodgates for people to admit things to themselves, and then to her. She is bombarded with “Me, too!” But she also talked about how many people assume that a memoir is an autobiography, that at 31, she has not lived enough to write this thing, and hey, who even gave her permission to write about these other people? Like that guy, the boyfriend. Did he give permission? Well. No. Because hes dead. But thats not the point. Writers, women and marginalized voices in particular, need to give themselves that permission. They need to tell their stories regardless of whos going to be mad at them for writing it. When Alida Nugent put out two collections of essays â€" Don’t Worry, It Gets Worse and You Don’t Have to Like Me â€" she wrote her thoughts and experiences of being a biracial feminist millennial just as they are. She didn’t whitewash it. In an interview with the Rumpus, she said:  â€œI think the advice I would give is that you don’t have to be liked to be smart or to offer something. Worry about likeability last. Say what you have to say, figure out the best way to say it, and don’t worry about who’s not going to like you because of it.” Because no matter what, people will find a reason to negate what you have to say. Say it anyway, for the benefit of the people who need to hear it. When Lena Dunham’s Not That Kind of Girl came out, people wondered why the hell she should be writing a memoir. She’s young! She hasn’t lived enough life to warrant a book about her life! She’s so narcissistic to think anyone would want to read that tripe! Wrong. She’s telling stories that need to be heard by her fans, young and old. Young women don’t have a lot of down-to-earth(ish) role models in the public eye. They don’t know that they’re not the only ones feeling the things they’re feeling. Stein said through her whole relationship chronicled in Land of Enchantment, she had no idea other people had relationships like hers. She thought it was just like the relationships in movies â€" his isolation and cruelty is romantic! The movies just don’t show the bad parts! But when we whitewash everything, and don’t let women tell their stories, we make it possible for these new stories to be born every day to more women. And men. We need young memoirists. We need these stories. Not every memoir should come from the God-like perspective of a wizened person. Some stories are best told from the young mind. In a piece at the New York Times, Stein writes, “I am writing for other millennials, who have grown up flirting through texts and breaking up over email.” Her work needed to come out when it did. If she waited until she were older, wiser, farther away, everyone who needs to hear the story would be far away, too. We need to know. We need to hear. Scream it from the mountaintops. Whisper it from your keyboard clicks. Share your stories. We are listening.

Essay about The Industrial Revolution, Capitalism, and...

The Industrial Revolution brought about great changes in how goods were produced and consumed, but it also brought about social and political changes. Some were positive, such as machines relieving much of the toil previously placed on worker’s muscles. But there were also negative changes. As workers moved to cities to work in factories, and progress in medical and sanitation practices improved, urban crowding became a huge issue. Additionally, where industry was taking over production in markets that had previously been dominated by small business owners, these skilled workers, weavers and the like, were now being forced to take jobs working for capitalist ventures-- often working in the industry coinciding with their master skill, but†¦show more content†¦Those in defence of capitalism say that it forces producers to develop new or improved products and to develop ways of working more efficiently. On the other hand, those against capitalism state that it causes economic inequality, exploitation of the working class and causes overall social disruption. The rise of capitalism was a driving force in the development of communism. The disparity of wealth, overcrowding of urban centers, undermining of skilled workers and the appalling living and working conditions of the working class have lead to wars and a forming of a socialist or communist point-of-view. Socialism is the underlying motivation behind communist movements in history. Socialists believe that it is unjust for a small amount of people to own the biggest portion of the wealth in society. This idea lead to the concept of a communist society, in which the existence of private property is eliminated in favor of government-owned property being shared among all it’s people. The government would provide jobs and care for all people equally. The idea was that through communism, there would be no social classes, thus eliminating alienation for any of the people in the society. In comparison, capitalism and communism are like night and day--opposite of each other in every way, but the main differences in the two can be seen in the distribution of wealth among a society’s peoples and the appearanceShow MoreRelatedCapitalism Vs. Socialism And Communism1175 Words   |  5 Pages Capitalism VS. Socialism/Communism Analysis The industrial revolution changed the way people lived. Before the industrial revolution all the work that is now done by machines was done by hand. It also allowed the ambitious working class man to join the rich at the top. This was done through capitalism and laisses-faire economics which gave businesses the ability to operate in a free market without government regulation. Capitalism deserves its share of criticism because of the abuses it causedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The 19th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesEurope in the nineteenth-century was rapidly evolving into a more modernized society, and many political and cultural ideas were developing during this change. The Industrial Revolution triggered an enormous increase of the standard of living throughout most of Europe and North America. The transformation from the old style of hand made production to the new factory system caused many industries to build factories. This caused many people of the working class to move to the factories in search ofRead MoreEssay about A Mixed Economic System Would Benefit the United Kingdom1246 Words   |  5 Pagesmain economic systems have been developed since the Industrial Revolution, these are Capitalism and Socialism. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, this essay will explain these, and also give my proposals for a mixed system for the whole society of the United Kingdom. Capitalism Capitalism generally started as an economic system in the United Kingdom at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The basic explanation of Capitalism would be to say that the economy is left to its ownRead MoreNew Democracy And Manifesto Of Korean Communist Party1273 Words   |  6 PagesManifesto of Korean Communist Party In January of 1940, Zedong Mao delivered a speech during a liberal conference in Yan’an, the center of communism and socialism in China. In the speech, Mao argued that the fate of Chinese revolution must be held in hands of proletariats, and as a leading result, the revolution must construct China as a socialism country. Two decades ago, in 1921, Shanghai, Korean communists also declared their country’s independence by publishing The Manifesto of Korean CommunistRead MoreSocialism And Its Impact On Society1627 Words   |  7 Pagescooperation with each other and therefore society should share property with people who deserve it. This is the perspective of people who supported socialism and this conviction is quite contrary to that of capitalism, which revolved around individual ownership of property. Socialism, as a political movement, first occurred during the Industrial Revolution when discontent emerged from the disparity of the rich and their workers. Sociali sts believed that the rich people were exploiting their own wealthRead MoreThe Debate Between Capitalism And Socialism1580 Words   |  7 Pageslongest time, for this reason it is very important. However, in order to debate between Capitalism and Socialism, it is necessary to understand what the differences, advantages, and disadvantages are of both systems. In the dictionary it states capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Socialism is a social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of productionRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 Pagescover the two main economic systems, capitalism and socialism. Capitalism Capitalism promotes private ownership of the means of production, or resources, to produce goods and services for profit. In other terms, private entities purchase resources; be it labor, natural resources, or factories, to create goods to sell for profit. Capitalism promotes that people build up their own wealth and all or most available resources be privately owned. Production in capitalism is controlled by supply and demandRead MoreKarl Marx Was Wrong About The Utopian Society871 Words   |  4 Pagessociety he envisioned. We just haven’t gotten to a point in time that the utopian society can be realistically achieved. The overthrow of capitalism, when it comes, will proceed just as quickly and democratically as capitalism allowed. Out of the revolution will emerge a socialist society that will utilize and further the developmental potential taken from capitalism? Product will be directed to serving social needs instead of increasing profits. And the socialist society will build and alienation willRead MoreThe Link Between the Industrial Revolution and Socialism Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was period of rapid economic and social growth during the mid 18th and early 19th centuries. The new found power of coal and iron made for many new innovations in machinery. Not all of the Industrial Revolution’s changes were physical. A new ideology arose from the sweat of the working class: socialism. Socialism is a political theory advocating state or collective ownership of property and industry opposed to private ownership. To fully understand the relationshipRead MoreKarl Marx And The Industrial Revolution846 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions on communism. Marx believed that capitalism was a product of the industrial revelation. This labor class and class division, he felt crippled individuals which made them have little or no self worth. Harriet Jacobs, Life of a Slave Girl, John Locke, Second Treatise of Governme nt and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract all have similar beliefs and discussions on the equality of man. Marx writes how communism is an advance stage of socialism. In the Communist Manifesto he brought

Essay on Does The Punishment Fit The Crime - 851 Words

Punishing the unlawful, undesirable and deviant members of society is an aspect of criminal justice that has experienced a variety of transformations throughout history. Although the concept of retribution has remained a constant (the idea that the law breaker must somehow pay his/her debt to society), the methods used to enforce and achieve that retribution has changed a great deal. The growth and development of society along with an underlying, perpetual fear of crime are heavily linked to the use of vastly different forms of punishment that have ranged from public executions, forced labor, penal welfarism and popular punitivism over the course of only a few hundred years. Crime constructs us as a society whilst society,†¦show more content†¦They had to die repenting their sins, in order to save their souls at the last moment. The execution of a disbeliever was not a perfect one† (Spierenburg, 59). Using public executions as the main form of punishment was the earli est stages of modern state-making, which exemplifies a crude and most basic attempt to stop criminal behavior. Society slowly continued to evolve, and resulted in an increase in the value placed upon a human life (Rusche and Kirchheimer). Since society, crime and punishment have direct correlations with one another, this emphasis on the value of human life affected the way in which the state punished. Instead of public executions, which were intended to torture and humiliate a person in order to achieve deterrence within the society, prisoners were sentenced to galley servitude. Galley servitude was a method of punishment that was able to economically benefit the state because it filled the workforce with cheap labor while providing a more â€Å"humane† punishment for criminals. Eventually, galley servitude became obsolete and attention was turned to houses of correction as a form of punishment. It began with a â€Å"gradual rise of imprisonment implemented by the necessit y for special treatment of women and for differentiation in the treatment of various social strata†Show MoreRelatedDoes The Punishment Fit The Crime? Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pages Does the punishment fit the crime? The Death penalty is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. According Kyle Gibson of â€Å"Mic Policy†Read MoreEssay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. For example, Johannes Mehserl only served 2 years in prison for the killing of innocent member of public, Oscar Grant. At the same time, there are examples of 5 years prison sentences for the possession of marijuana. This is enormously unfair, as someone who can take the life of another human being should receive a far harsher punishment than someone whose crime only effectsRead MoreClassical Criminology : Criminal Justice Policies And Against The Spiritual Explanation Of Crime Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Criminology is focused on the punishment of crime rather than the causation of crime. The classicism theory of criminology is the concepts of legal system and its approach during the 1700’s (‘Enlightenment period’). It is argued that Classical criminology was a â€Å"protest against those criminal justice policies and against the spiritual explanation of crime†.1 Features of Classical criminology still have a large impact on legal systems, like the concept of proportionality. There are manyRead MoreIs the Death Penalt y Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment remains a cause for debate with people continuing to disagree on what cruel and unusual punishment consists of. Cruel and unusual punishment being defined as torture or a deliberately degrading punishment, in no way does the death penalty fall into this category. Having the death penalty in our society deters potential violent offenders from committing crimes, saves the government money, and guarantees that offenders will not commit these crimes again. The United States shouldRead MoreThe Punishment Of A Criminal854 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent philosophies behind the punishment of a criminal include just about every moral justification that crosses a human being’s mind. The ideology behind philosophies of punishment in the criminal justice system has mainly derived from the globally understood â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† from the Old Testament and the clichà © â€Å"The punishment must fit the crime† concerning retributive punishment. Both of these statements involve retributive punishment. This is because most of the criminalRead MoreImplementing An Effective Punishment For An Offender1653 Words   |  7 Pages Achieving justice for all and providing appropriate punishment to fit all crimes is a prominent issue within the criminal justice system. In considering an effective punishment for an offender, the law must be mindful of both the moral and legal rights of a number of parties, including the society, the offender, and the victim, in order to achieve true justice for all (Warren 2005) - a process proving controversial and almost impossible in many cases. Whilst aiming to provide a system in which citizensRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Better Than Life Imprisonment1400 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment is the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. Although capital punishment is wrong and is the killing of a human being, capital punishment is legal in thirty-two of the fifty states in the United States, meaning that the other eighteen states outlaw it as a punishment for crime. States that capital punishment is legal in all have different guideline s for what is punishable by death, but mostly murder or other capital offenses are what is punished. CapitalRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words   |  6 Pagesskin color? Although, we would love to believe that we live in a perfect world where everyone is given the justice that they deserve unfortunately, it does not always end up that way for some. Indeed, the Deterrence Theory then comes into play making sure that not only is everyone treated equally but, also making sure that it sees fit that the punishment given is carefully taken into consideration. The Deterrence Theory was first introduced by theorist Thomas Hobbes who was then followed up on the theoryRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Legal933 Words   |  4 Pagesshould capital punishment be applied to minors and, if so how young it too young? Although, capital punishment has been a part of the United States for many years, the United States still have yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not capital punishment should be administered to minors. Debates about the use of capital punishment for juveniles have grown increasingly intense, within the last ten years, because of the alarming increase of serious and violent crimes that demandRead MoreEqual Punishment And Proportional Retribution1443 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I will argue that equal punishment and proportional retribution do not justify the use of the death penalty. First, I will argue that equal punishment is too specific and literal because it stems from the idea that o ne crime is deserving of that exact crime in the form of a legal punishment. In the case of murder, that belief would condone punishing murder with murder. We can’t justify some killings while condemning others. By giving permission to someone to execute another human

Roles of Men and Women Free Essays

Yesica Leguizamon July 18, 2012 Roles of men and women need to change for a modern world. However, the most difficult part is how men adapt to it. Now, for men are struggling to balance home and work life, men’s traditional role is to be the breadwinner and support the family, but men want to change these traditional roles because they want to be more involved as parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles of Men and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now However in their role as care takers, they feel as much stress as women. Men’s traditional role are changing, they want to be involved with their family not only as a breadwinner if not also as a parent. According to Tara Parker author of â€Å"Now, Dad feels as stressed as mom† state that â€Å"For decades, the debate about balancing work and family life has been framed as an issue for women. † The traditional roles of women in most of the cultures are to take care of their children, do housework and be at home. However, now women’s and men’s role are changing. Women want to work and have a high education and men want to be involved with the family. Parker state that â€Å"Men are typically breadwinner, but also increasingly report a desire to spent more time with their children. † For men, the traditional role of being involved in childcare, children disciplinarian and uninvolved in domestic life is not enough to be part of their family and they think that is time to change it. They want to share roles in parenting, do activities and go to the Dr’s visits with their children, be a good parent, always be there when they children need them and have a great sense of responsibility. However, to some men being a father is straggling. They have to balance home and work life. According to Parker â€Å"Fathers are now struggling just as much and sometimes even more than mothers in trying to fulfill their responsibilities at home and in the office† it means that men have the same stress as women and more family responsibilities. They have to be on time at work, be prepared and complete work on time, but they also have to be at home for their kids or pick them up, as needed. To men take time off for children seem to have a trouble. Parker says â€Å"Several studies show that men, compared with female collages, are less likely to take advantage of benefit like flexible schedules and family leave. † To men be available to their family †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How to cite Roles of Men and Women, Essay examples

International Business Theory and Management Nawras

The Introduction Getting entry and success in the Oman Market is a serious task successfully accomplished by the Nawras Company, which works in the area of mobile connection. The role of the HRM policy in this significant achievement is crucial, as this significant result gained by the company can be mainly considered as the achievement of its workers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International Business Theory and Management: Nawras specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Varied business theories, especially the theories of motivation can be applied in the case of the Nawras Company in a broad way. Generally, the role of the HRM policy in gaining entry and success in the Oman Market for the Nawras Company can be evaluated as critically important, as well as flexibility and creativity, which were also vital for gaining this market. The body General information about the company Speaking about the matters related to the operation of the Nawrwas Company and the HRM policy, in particular, the general information about the company should be considered. The Nawrwas Company is the mobile operator providing a variety of services, including the Internet connection and mobile connection (Nawras: Business Solutions par.43). The company entered the market of Oman in 2005, facing a row of difficulties in this country with unusual mentality and business approach by the local population (Omani Qatari Telecommunications Company 2010 par.83). According to Omani Qatari Telecommunications Company, Nawras is a leading provider of telecommunications services in Oman. Nawras’ vision is to enrich the lives of the people of Oman through better communication services, and its mission is to be the communications provider, and employer, of choice in Oman (par. 345). Business theories which can be applied in case of the Nawras Generally, one is to keep in mind that HRM policies can work, if they are used along with other business strategies. So, â€Å"cost reduction, quality enhancement and innovation, for an organization to gain and retain competitive advantage, could be obvious candidates† (Katou 2008 p. 122). It is also necessary to point out that business strategies impact on HRM policy. One can call this affirmation as hypothesis 1 or H1. On the other hand, the impact of the policies on the employees’ attitudes and behaviors seems to be also direct. Thus, improved organizational performance is the result of the policy implementation. So, one can state that there is a direct interdependence between HRM policies and the outcomes. One can call this affirmation as hypothesis 2 or H2.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When speaking about International Business Theory, one is to keep in mind that external factors influence the success of the company. Nevertheless, performance appraisal, training and some other abilities influence the employees’ motivation to perform certain tasks. According to IBT, there are skilled and experienced employees, who contribute to the company’s success (Appelbaum et al., 2000). So, there is a certain interdependence between organizational performance and the policies human resource management is based on. One can call this affirmation as hypothesis 3 or H3. Another interesting point, which is to be highlighted, is that there are no synergic relationship between various policies; although HRM norms and their relation to the company’s performance seems to be additive. So, one can state that a positive interdependence takes place. One can call this affirmation as hypothesis 4 or H4. Visually, the hypotheses will reflect the following: According to IBT, HRM policies can’t work properly without business strategies; organizational performance is closely related to HRM outcomes; â€Å"part icipation, involvement, compensation, incentives, communication, promotion, training and development, performance appraisal, work design, and selection may constitute in a descending order the important aspects of the HRM strategy† (Katou 2008 p. 135); innovation is considered to be one of the most important constituents of International Business Theory; the HRM outcomes depend upon the employees’ motivation and competence. With regards to business theories, which can be applied in case of the Nawras, the first and the most important one, which is to be mentioned, is the theory of motivation. This theory assumes that in applying of the HRM policy due motivation of the employees is vital for the company’s healthy situation on the market and further stabile development (Theories of Motivation par.21).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International Business Theory and Management: Nawras specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More The conclusion Concluding on all the information related above, it should be stated that the Nawrwas Company managed to enter the Omani market, which is known by its insidious peculiarities, mainly due to successful application of the HRM policy. The company’s managers put a lot of work into developing wise, flexible and creative strategy, which helped the company to occupy the market successfully. References Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., Kalleberg, A.L. 2000. Manufacturing  advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off, London: Economic Policy Institute: Cornell University Press. Katou, A 2008, Measuring the impact of HRM on organisational performance. Web. Nawras: Business Solutions 2012. Web. Omani Qatari Telecommunications Company 2010. Web. Theories of Motivation. Web. This case study on International Business Theory and Management: Nawras was written and submitted by user James Kidd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Tiananmen Square Massacre - Background and Causes

The Tiananmen Square Massacre - Background and Causes Most people in the western world remember the Tiananmen Square Massacre this way: 1) Students protest for democracy in Beijing, China, in June of 1989. 2) Chinese government sends troops and tanks to Tiananmen Square. 3) Student protesters are brutally massacred. In essence, this is a fairly accurate depiction of what happened around Tiananmen Square, but the situation was much longer-lasting and more chaotic than this outline suggests. The protests actually started in April of 1989, as public demonstrations of mourning for former Communist Party Secretary General Hu Yaobang. A high government officials funeral seems like an unlikely spark for pro-democracy demonstrations and chaos. Nonetheless, by the time the Tiananmen Square Protests and Massacre were over less than two months later, 250 to 7,000 people lay dead. What really happened that spring in Beijing? Background to Tiananmen By the 1980s, the leaders of Chinas Communist Party knew that classical Maoism had failed. Mao Zedongs policy of rapid industrialization and collectivization of land, the Great Leap Forward, had killed tens of millions of people by starvation. The country then descended into the terror and anarchy of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), an orgy of violence and destruction that saw teenaged Red Guards humiliate, torture, murder and sometimes even cannibalize hundreds of thousands or millions of their compatriots. Irreplaceable cultural heirlooms were destroyed; traditional Chinese arts and religion were all but extinguished. Chinas leadership knew that they had to make changes in order to remain in power, but what reforms should they make? The Communist Party leaders split between those who advocated drastic reforms, including a move toward capitalist economic policies and greater personal freedoms for Chinese citizens, versus those who favored careful tinkering with the command economy and continued strict control of the population. Meanwhile, with the leadership unsure of which direction to take, the Chinese people hovered in a no-mans land between fear of the authoritarian state, and the desire to speak out for reform. The government-instigated tragedies of the previous two decades left them hungry for change, but aware that the iron fist of Beijings leadership was always ready to smash down opposition. Chinas people waited to see which way the wind would blow. The Spark - Memorial for Hu Yaobang Hu Yaobang was a reformist, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1980 to 1987. He advocated rehabilitation of people persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, greater autonomy for Tibet, rapprochement with Japan, and social and economic reform. As a result, he was forced out of office by the hardliners in January of 1987 and made to offer humiliating public self-criticisms for his allegedly bourgeois ideas. One of the charges leveled against Hu was that he had encouraged (or at least allowed) widespread student protests in late 1986. As General Secretary, he refused to crack down on such protests, believing that dissent by the intelligentsia should be tolerated by the Communist government. Hu Yaobang died of a heart attack not long after his ouster and disgrace, on April 15, 1989. Official media made just brief mention of Hus death, and the government at first did not plan to give him a state funeral. In reaction, university students from across Beijing marched on Tiananmen Square, shouting acceptable, government-approved slogans, and calling for the rehabilitation of Hus reputation. Bowing to this pressure, the government decided to accord Hu a state funeral after all. However, government officials on April 19 refused to receive a delegation of student petitioners, who patiently waited to speak with someone for three days at the Great Hall of the People. This would prove to be the governments first big mistake. Hus subdued memorial service took place on April 22 and was greeted by huge student demonstrations involving about 100,000 people. Hardliners within the government were extremely uneasy about the protests, but General Secretary Zhao Ziyang believed that the students would disperse once the funeral ceremonies were over. Zhao was so confident that he took a week-long trip to North Korea for a summit meeting. The students, however, were enraged that the government had refused to receive their petition, and emboldened by the meek reaction to their protests. After all, the Party had refrained from cracking down on them thus far, and had even caved in to their demands for a proper funeral for Hu Yaobang. They continued to protest, and their slogans strayed further and further from the approved texts. Events Begin to Spin Out of Control With Zhao Ziyang out of the country, hardliners in the government such as Li Peng took the opportunity to bend the ear of the powerful leader of the Party Elders, Deng Xiaoping. Deng was known as a reformer himself, supportive of market reforms and greater openness, but the hardliners exaggerated the threat posed by the students. Li Peng even told Deng that the protesters were hostile to him personally, and were calling for his ouster and the downfall of the Communist government. (This accusation was a fabrication.) Clearly worried, Deng Xiaoping decided to denounce the demonstrations in an editorial published in the April 26th Peoples Daily. He called the protests dongluan (meaning turmoil or rioting) by a tiny minority. These highly emotive terms were associated with the atrocities of the Cultural Revolution. Rather than tamping down the students fervor, Dengs editorial further inflamed it. The government had just made its second grave mistake. Not unreasonably, the students felt that they could not end the protest if it was labeled dongluan, for fear that they would be prosecuted. Some 50,000 of them continued to press the case that patriotism motivated them, not hooliganism. Until the government stepped back from that characterization, the students could not leave Tiananmen Square. But the government too was trapped by the editorial. Deng Xiaoping had staked his reputation, and that of the government, on getting the students to back down. Who would blink first? Showdown, Zhao Ziyang vs. Li Peng General Secretary Zhao returned from North Korea to find China transfixed by the crisis. He still felt that the students were no real threat to the government, though, and sought to defuse the situation, urging Deng Xiaoping to recant the inflammatory editorial. Li Peng, however, argued that to step back now would be a fatal show of weakness by the Party leadership. Meanwhile, students from other cities poured into Beijing to join the protests. More ominously for the government, other groups also joined in: housewives, workers, doctors, and even sailors from the Chinese Navy! The protests also spread to other cities - Shanghai, Urumqi, Xian, Tianjin... almost 250 in all. By May 4, the number of protesters in Beijing had topped 100,000 again. On May 13, the students took their next fateful step. They announced a hunger strike, with the goal of getting the government to retract the April 26 editorial. Over a thousand students took part in the hunger strike, which engendered wide-spread sympathy for them among the general populace. The government met in an emergency Standing Committee session the following day. Zhao urged his fellow leaders to accede to the students demand and withdraw the editorial. Li Peng urged a  crackdown. The Standing Committee was deadlocked, so the decision was passed to Deng Xiaoping. The next morning, he announced that he was placing Beijing under martial law. Zhao was fired and placed under house arrest; hard-liner Jiang Zemin succeeded him as General  Secretary; and  fire-brand Li Peng was placed in control of the military forces in Beijing. In the midst of the turmoil, Soviet Premier and fellow reformer  Mikhail Gorbachev  arrived in China for talks with Zhao on May 16. Due to Gorbachevs presence, a large contingent of foreign journalists and photographers also descended on the tense Chinese capital. Their reports fueled international concern and calls for restraint, as well as sympathetic protests in Hong Kong,  Taiwan, and ex-patriot Chinese communities in Western nations. This international outcry  placed even more  pressure on the Chinese Communist Party leadership. Early in the morning on May 19, the deposed Zhao made an extraordinary appearance in Tiananmen Square. Speaking through a bullhorn, he told the protesters: Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak, it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike, you cant continue like this... You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live  healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the four modernizations. You are not like us, we are already old, it doesnt matter to us  anymore. It was the last time he was ever seen in public. Perhaps in response to Zhaos appeal, during the last week of May tensions eased a bit, and many of the student protesters from Beijing grew weary of the protest and left the square. However, reinforcements from the provinces continued to pour into the city. Hard-line student leaders called for the protest to continue until June 20, when a meeting of the National Peoples Congress was scheduled to take place. On May 30, the students set up a large sculpture called the Goddess of Democracy in Tiananmen Square. Modeled after the Statue of Liberty, it became one of the enduring symbols of the protest. Hearing the calls for a prolonged protest, on June 2 the Communist Party Elders met with the remaining members of the Politburo Standing Committee. They agreed to bring in the  Peoples Liberation Army  (PLA) to clear the protesters out of Tiananmen Square by force. The Tiananmen Square Massacre The morning of June 3, 1989, the 27th and 28th divisions of the Peoples Liberation Army moved into Tiananmen Square on foot and in tanks, firing tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. They had been ordered not to shoot the protesters; indeed, most of them did not carry firearms. The leadership selected these divisions because they were from distant provinces; local PLA troops were considered untrustworthy as potential supporters of the protests. Not only the student  protesters but also tens of thousands of workers and ordinary citizens of Beijing joined together to repel the Army. They used burned-out buses to create barricades, threw rocks and bricks at the soldiers, and even burned some tank crews alive inside their tanks. Thus, the first casualties of the Tiananmen Square Incident were actually soldiers. The student protest leadership now faced a difficult decision. Should they evacuate the Square before further blood could be shed, or hold their ground? In the end, many of them decided to remain. That night, around 10:30 pm, the PLA returned to the area around Tiananmen with rifles, bayonets fixed. The tanks rumbled down the street, firing indiscriminately. Students shouted Why are you killing us? to the soldiers, many of whom were about the same age as the protesters. Rickshaw drivers and bicyclists darted through the melee, rescuing the wounded and taking them to hospitals. In the chaos, a number of non-protesters were killed as well. Contrary to popular belief, the bulk of the violence took place in the neighborhoods all around Tiananmen Square, rather than in the Square itself. Throughout the night of June 3 and early hours of June 4, the troops beat, bayoneted, and shot protesters. Tanks drove straight into crowds, crushing people and bicycles under their treads. By 6 a.m. on June 4th, 1989, the streets around Tiananmen Square had been cleared. Tank Man or the Unknown Rebel The city lapsed into shock during June 4, with just the occasional volley of gunfire breaking the stillness. Parents of missing students pushed their way to the protest area, seeking their sons and daughters, only to be warned off and then shot in the back as they fled from the soldiers. Doctors and ambulance drivers who tried to enter the area to help the wounded were also shot down in cold blood by the PLA. Beijing seemed utterly subdued the morning of June 5. However, as foreign journalists and photographers, including  Jeff Widener  of the AP, watched from their hotel balconies as a column of tanks trundled up Changan Avenue (the Avenue of Eternal Peace), an amazing thing happened. A young man in a white shirt and black pants, with shopping bags in each hand, stepped out into the street and stopped the tanks. The lead tank tried to swerve around him, but he jumped in front of it again. Everyone watched in horrified fascination, afraid that the tank driver would lose patience and drive over the man. At one point, the man even climbed up onto the tank and spoke to the soldiers inside, reportedly asking them, Why are you here? You have caused nothing but misery. After several minutes of this defiant dance, two more men rushed up to the  Tank Man  and hustled him away. His fate is unknown. However,  still  images and video of his brave act were captured by the  Western  press members  nearby and smuggled out for the world to see. Widener and several other photographers hid the film in the tanks of their hotel toilets, to save it from searches by the Chinese security forces. Ironically, the story and the image of the Tank Mans act of defiance had the greatest immediate effect thousands of miles away, in Eastern Europe. Inspired in part by his courageous example, people across the Soviet bloc poured into the streets. In 1990, beginning with the Baltic states, the republics of the Soviet Empire began to break away. The USSR collapsed. Nobody knows how many people died in the Tiananmen Square Massacre. The official Chinese government figure is 241, but this is almost certainly a drastic undercount. Between soldiers, protesters and civilians, it seems likely that anywhere from 800 to 4,000 people were killed. The Chinese Red Cross initially put the toll at 2,600, based on counts from local hospitals, but then quickly retracted that statement under intense government pressure. Some witnesses also stated that the PLA carted away many bodies; they would not have been included in a hospital count. The Aftermath of Tiananmen 1989 The protesters who survived the Tiananmen Square Incident met a variety of fates. Some, particularly the student leaders, were given relatively light jail terms (less than 10 years). Many of the professors and other professionals who joined in were simply  blacklisted, unable to find jobs. A large number of the workers and provincial people were executed; exact figures, as usual, are unknown. Chinese journalists who had published reports sympathetic to the protesters also found themselves purged and unemployed. Some of the most famous were sentenced to multi-year prison terms. As for the Chinese government, June 4,  1989  was a watershed moment. Reformists within the Communist Party of China were stripped of power and reassigned to ceremonial roles. Former Premier Zhao Ziyang was never  rehabilitated and spent his final 15 years under house arrest. Shanghais mayor, Jiang Zemin, who had moved quickly to quell protests in that city, replaced Zhao as the Partys General Secretary. Since that time, political agitation has been extremely muted in China. The government and the majority of citizens alike have focused on economic reform and prosperity, rather than political reform. Because the Tiananmen Square Massacre is a taboo subject, most Chinese under the age of 25 have never even heard about it.  Websites  that mention the June 4 Incident are blocked in China. Even decades later, the people and the government of China have not dealt with this momentous and tragic incident. The memory of the Tiananmen Square Massacre festers under the surface of everyday life for those old enough to recall it. Someday, the Chinese government will have to face this piece of its history. For a very powerful and disturbing take on the Tiananmen Square Massacre, see the PBS Frontline special The Tank Man, available to view online. Sources Roger V. Des Forges, Ning Luo, Yen-bo Wu.  Chinese Democracy and the Crisis of 1989: Chinese and American Reflections, (New York: SUNY Press, 1993) PBS, Frontline: The Tank Man, April 11, 2006. U.S. National Security Briefing Book. Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History, posted by George Washington University. Zhang Liang.  The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leaderships Decision to Use Force Against Their Own People - In Their Own Words, ed. Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, (New York: Public Affairs, 2001)

How Do I Submit Letters of Recommendation

How Do I Submit Letters of Recommendation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Hopefully, you have the perfect teachers in mind to ask for your letter of recommendation. Once you’ve asked these teachers, how do you actually get theirletters to your colleges? This guide will go over everything you need to know about submitting your recommendation letters, whether you’re using the Common Application, a customized school application, and/or Naviance. To start, what are the options for submission? What Are YourOptions for Submitting Recommendation Letters? Technically, there are two options for submission: online or by mail. Note the use of â€Å"or†; colleges don’t want teachers to mix and match. In other words, schools don't want a single teacher to submit her ranking form online and then send her letter by mail. If she's submitting online, then she should submit everything online. If by mail, then everything should go by mail. Generally speaking, most students reading this will have their recommenders submit their letters online. Since you’re already doing more than enough with the college application process, you might be relieved to hear that you don’t actually have to submit your letters! Your teachers andcounselor are responsible for uploading the recletters to whatever system you’re using. What you are responsible for, though, is inviting them. Make sure you give them clear deadlines, send a reminder email, and double check that your schools received their letters. Whichever mode you’re using to apply - the Common Application, Universal Application, school-specific app, and/or Naviance software - you’ll assign your recommenders. The rest is up to them! In rare cases, your recommender might prefer or need to send her letter of recommendation by snail mail. This may be the case if you’re sending an extra supplemental recommendation, or if your school uses Naviance and you need to assign a recommender outside of your immediate school faculty. This method is usually fine, though not preferred, by colleges - just notify your college to expect the arrival of this document. As you can tell, there are various ways to apply, and,therefore, there are different ways to deliver your letters of recommendation to colleges. Let’s consider how exactly your recommenders will submit in a few different scenarios. How Do Your Recommenders Submit Their Letters Online? Online rec letter submission is generally a straightforward process. First, you invite, or â€Å"assign,† your recommenders. Then, your recommenders get an email prompting them to upload their letters. The main question you need to answer is what system you’re using to invite your recommenders, whether you’re applying viaan online school application, the Common App, Naviance, or a combination of all three. Let’s look at all these options, starting withschool-specificapplications. Scenario 1: Assign Recommenders Through Your School Application In this scenario, you’re applying to school through itsindividual online application system. Schools in the University of Texas system, for example,use their own applications and don’t participate in the Common App. If your college allows or requires recommendation letters, then it will have a page on which you can invite your recommenders. Typically you’ll be asked to fill in their first and last names, position (like English Teacher), and email address. The University of Texas application has its own "Document Upload System." If your college doesn’t want you to sendrecommendation letters, like University of California schools, then you won’t find this function on your application. Some school applications will also prompt you to respond to a question about FERPA. Generally speaking, you should go ahead and waive your right to view recommendation letters, as they’re expected to be confidential between letter writers and the admissions officers who read them. All of the aboveinstructions should workfor the Common Application too. The only difference is that you'll probably have to assign recommenders for more than one college. Scenario 2: Assign Recommenders Through the Common Application Your first step in completing the recommendation letter requirement through the Common Application is signing your FERPA waiver. Once you sign this, you’ll be able to invite recommenders. First, head to the â€Å"Colleges† tab. From there, you’ll be able to assign recommenders by each individual college on your list. Each school, by the way, customizes its own page. If your school requires two teacher recommendations, for example, then you’ll see space to invite two teacher recommenders. Many schools also allow you to assign one or two â€Å"Other Recommenders.† This space is for letters beyond the requirements. Before sending any supplemental letters, check to learn your colleges’ stance: some colleges actively discourage the submission of extra materials. Once you invite your recommenders, your teachers will receive emails prompting them to submit their letters. Your recommenders are responsible for uploading their recs by the stated deadlines. Conveniently, you’ll see a status change once your letters are uploaded (usually yellow means not yet, and green means you’re good to go!). While your letters will be attached to your application, they won’t actually get sent to your colleges until you hit submit and pay the application fees (or use a fee waiver). That means that the final step of actually getting your letters to the admissions committee is ultimately in your hands. While inviting your recommenders through your online applications is a simple process, it’s not actually how you’ll sendyour letters if your high school uses the e-docs delivery software, Naviance. Read on to learn how Naviance links up to your applications to collect required documents, like your recommendation letters. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Scenario 3: Assign Recommenders Through Naviance / Family Connection Many high schools use the college e-docs software program Naviance. Your counselor controls one end of Naviance from her account, and you control and access another part with yours (called Family Connection). Naviance lets you search for colleges and keep track of deadlines and submitted documents. At the same time, your counselor can upload documents, like the secondary school report and school transcript. Your Naviance account and all the documents it collects, including your recommendation letters, will sync up to your Common Application and any other school applications that accept e-docs. If you are using the Common Application, you’ll need to â€Å"match† your Common App and Naviance accounts. You’ll enter the name of your high school on the Common App and sign the FERPA waiver. Once you’ve done this, your â€Å"Assign Recommenders† page should look like this: As you can see, you won’t actually be inviting your recommenders through the Common Application. Instead, you’ll invite your recommenders directly through Naviance. Since your Naviance account is directly connected to your high school, you can just select your teacher recommenders from a drop down list that has all the teachers in the school. You simply choose the teacher and add a personal note, making sure to indicate which colleges you want her to write letters for. While this process makes it easier on you - you don’t have to collect your teachers’ first and last names and email addresses - it also has some limitations. Can you see what they are? Limitation of Naviance: Supplemental Recommendations Instead of manually entering your teachers’ contact info, as described above, Naviance asks you to select your teachers from a drop down menu. While this makes your teacher recommendations easy to request, it doesn’t allow you to ask anyone outside of your school’s faculty. Some students wish to send supplemental recommendations, like from a private music teacher, coach, or supervisor. Others may have switched high schools and want to ask a teacher from their previous school, or perhaps one who recently retired and has been removed from the drop down list of current faculty. If any of these scenarios apply to you, then you’d have to invite your external recommender through your online application. If you find yourself exceeding the number that your application allows, then you could print out the evaluation form and have your recommender send her documents by mail. (Of course, exercise caution about sending too many extra letters!) This process may sound a bit complicated, but once you sit down at your computer, you’ll actually find it to be pretty intuitive. You’ll either assign recommenders through your online applications, or you’ll choose them through Naviance. Finally, you may have some recommenders who have full-fledged technophobia and insist on sending their letters by mail. While not preferred by colleges, this method is actually pretty easy. How to Submit Recommendations Through Mail Despite rumorsof a shutdown a few years ago, the post office is still going strong and available to deliver your orange envelopes to colleges. If your recommender wants to send a hard copy, make sure to print out any ranking form that needs to accompany the evaluation letter. Then give your recommender a pre-stamped, pre-addressed envelope. Typically, these envelopes should be sent to the school’s undergraduate admissions office. As with all your recommenders, make sure this teacherknows your deadlines, and follow up with her to check thatshe sent it in. Don’t worry if this package arrives before you submit your application. The college will start a file on each applicant and collect any materials that arrive within that file before eventually sitting down to review it as a complete application. Since there are a few different options, let’s review the key stepsthat you need to know for submitting your recommendation letters. How to Assign Recommenders: An Overview You may find yourself using a school application and/or the Common Application to apply. Additionally, you may also have a Naviance account connected to your school. Without Naviance, you simply invite your recommenders directly through your online applications by providing their full names, positions, and email addresses. With Naviance, you’ll need to sync up your applications and invite your recommenders through your Naviance account, manually indicating which colleges you want them to write letters for. If you run into any technical difficulties through the process, make sure to speak to your counselor about troubleshooting. The most common place that students get stuck is the FERPA waiver. Until you’ve completed that step, you can’t move onto your recommendation requests. Apart from inviting your recommenders, is there anything else you need to do in your quest for great evaluations? What Else Do You Need to Do? Besides choosing your teacher recommenders carefully, make sure to ask well in advance of deadlines - at least a month before, if not in the spring of your junior year. Send them a reminder email - perhaps masquerading as a thank you note - about a week before your deadlines, and sign into your application and/or Naviance accounts tomake sure they’ve uploaded their recommendations. Finally, make sure to thank your recommenders for all their help in getting into college! What's Next? Now that you know how to submit your recommendation letters, make sure you understand what separates the great letters from the forgettable ones. Check out this full guide on what makes a good recommendation letter and what makes one not so effective. A lot of your colleges of interest might participate in the Common Application. Check this full list of Common App schools to see if yours allows this convenient option. For more on the step by stepprocess of applying to college, from choosing your high school classes to taking campus tours, take a look at this detailed guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Need for health care services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Need for health care services - Essay Example Reasons given for the inaccessibility of such services vary from family or individual to individual, the most common being the high rates charged by the service providers. Provision of insurance covers is a business in which after accessing covers, people pay monthly or annual premiums. The rate of the premiums is never directly proportional to the type and quality of coverage provided, this therefore influences a number of people to opt for self-settlement of medical bills in the health facilities in case of an emergency (Aday 81). On of the main mandates of the government is to ensure that every American accesses quality health care services, the national insurance cover provision is not widely accepted despite fact that it is a lot subsidized. This follows the claims that private health service providers have proliferated most of the regions in the country making access to public facilities a lot difficult. The choice to take up a cover or not to is a personal decision and the state cannot ever impose such choices on its citizens. However, the government should influence the process of making such decisions by ensuring that the public has the general knowledge on the policies and should further [provide incentives to the access of such services. All state employees have insurance premiums paid for them by the government (OCarroll 88). However, the government does very little in effecting the acquisition of such services especially to most of the poor population in the country. Most of Americans in private business make this choice entirely by themselves, the exorbitant rates charged by most of the service providers and the uncertainty that characterizes such services eventually influences most of them on the contrary. Those employed in the private sectors have their employers provide them with such services as a means of motivation and to boost their morale to work. The employer provides a basic percentage of the cover by

International History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International History - Essay Example The widest description of civilization is however the definition of a more complex lifestyle that encompasses urban culture and practice of complicated activities such as farming and construction of complex structures. In doing such complex activities therefore indicate a state of sophisticated way of thinking, change of taste, and improvement of behavior. Civilized communities are now described by the way they live i.e. organized leadership (governments), literacy, social integration, economic coordination and other cultural characteristics. The general question of concern is why early civilization materialized along river valleys The answer to this question is that rivers provided a source of dependable livelihood throughout the year. As the old adage goes, water is life; rivers provided a supply of water for farming, for people's consumption and other domestic uses. Rivers also worked as micro climate regulation influencing vegetation, type of weather, natural features and topography besides the land around river is usually very fertile and hence encouraged farming (McEvedy, 2002 p.30). Whereas people appeared to be dependant on these rivers, there river stimulated innovations that lead to emergence of new and refined institutional organization, technology development and economic management. Civilization along river valleys was a self determining factor and no relations whatsoever to other rivers but had some similar characteristics. Some of the early river civilizations that have been described are along R. Nile, R. Indus, R. Tigris and R. Euphrates (McEvedy, 2002 p.34). Contrary to river valley civilization, barbarian civilization also emerged at the same time among groups of people that practiced nomadic pastoralist. Barbarism describes a situation that reduces civilization process due to communal disintegration caused by lack of industrial progression. Such societies lagged behind in technical development and were deemed low-grade compared to other communities. Some of communities that endured this civilization set back developed to become nomadic pastoralists and practiced free farming. The emergence of Nomadic pastoralist has been described to be a consequence of Neolithic Revolution. Domestication of animals and more so herbivores and farming, cleared more land and pastures, as a consequence, communities had to migrate to other areas in search for greener pastures (McEvedy 2002 p.38-40). Factors that contributed to such migrations included seasons of droughts, overpopulation, attacks from other hostile communities and search for water. Historic ally it has been ascertained that Nomadic Pastoralist lead to development of hostility among pastoral communities towards others and they have been feared a lot even today. Coercive-Agrarian Civilization The agrarian civilization begun with the river valley civilization and the major characteristics of this civilization were; invention of writing, organization of communities into empires and construction of buildings and monuments. Invention of Writing The earliest writings of late years Before Christ are not considered as writings but rather as symbols. The earliest symbols were used to communicate messages to people and their complexity gradually grew to include rows aligned and could bring to mind an intuition of a clear text. It is very hard

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Eight Early Reviews :: Catcher Rye Essays

Eight Early Reviews of The Catcher in the Rye      Ã‚  Ã‚   Published in 1951, J. D. Salinger's debut novel, The Catcher in the Rye, was one of the most controversial novels of its time. The book received many criticisms, good and bad. While Smith felt the book should be "read more than once" (13), Goodman said the "book is disappointing" (21). All eight of the critics had both good and bad impressions of the work. Overall, the book did not reflect Salinger's ability due to the excessive vulgarity used and the monotony that Holden imposed upon the reader.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Agreeing with Smith was Stern, saying "the book should be read again." There are many reasons for accepting this comment. Peterson, for example, felt that Holden Caulfield's "spirit is intact," while Stern enjoyed Phoebe's good personality.   Phoebe was important because she "preserve[d] Holden's innocence" (Jones). In the end, she keeps Holden at home with his family - after all, who knows what Holden could be up to, living by himself? He has been "trying to live up to his height, to drink with men, to understand mature sex and why he is still a virgin at his age" (Smith 13). It is because of this personality, that Salinger is able to "make the reader chuckle" (Breit). Phoebe is also important to Holden because he "finds a human warmth in [her]" (Engle).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite all these positives, many critics felt the book was lacking a great deal. There were many reasons given for not liking The Catcher in the Rye: the vulgarity, the monotony, and the immature personality of the protagonist. To put it bluntly, "one expects something more" out of Salinger (Goodman 21).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All through the book, Holden, as well as his "friends", uses vulgar language. Because of this, Longstreth feels the book is "not fit for children." Although vulgar language is used in the real world, it was very rarely encountered in literature. Other critics agreed with Longstreth, Peterson said the book was "obscene," while Smith warned readers "be advised to let the book alone" if they are bothered by this language. It is Jones' feeling that this language could only be mouthed by a "disturbed adolescent," and that Holden is "immoral and perverted" (Longstreth).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The language was only part of the problem. The book, in many critics' eyes, was monotonous.

Coefficient of Restitution

In lab 8 of coefficient in restriction both potential and kinetic energies is used, however energy cannot be made or destroyed. In doing this lab you will get a better understanding individual perspective of the starting point and finishing point of the drop (maximum height). You also get familiar here by finding the answer using formulas. By the end of the lab we should be able to understand with the coefficient of restriction is, in be able to locate where energy is lost.Procedure: After buying the correct supplies and equipment I set up the reoccurred using a chair, a measuring tape, a scale, a plastic Ping-Pong ball, and a tennis rubber ball. Started by weighing each ball in ounces and converted to kilograms and finding the initial drop by, which was all the same. The first ball used was the tennis ball after five trials were done the maximum height was recorded in inches.The same process was done for the plastic Ping-Pong ball five trials were with the maximum height taken, meas ured in inches. For both the Ping-Pong ball and tennis ball I used a slow-motion camera in order to create a more accurate maximum height measurement. Conclusion: In this lab I thought it interesting that the tennis ball did not bounce as high as I imagined/ expected it would. Found that the Ping-Pong ball is .

Progressive Education How Children Learn

Progressive education is a reaction to the traditional style of teaching. Its a pedagogical movement that values experience over learning facts  at the expense of understanding what is being taught. When you examine the teaching styles and curriculum of the 19th century, you understand why certain educators decided that there had to be a better way. Learning How to Think The progressive education philosophy says that educators should teach children how to think rather than relying on rote memorization. Advocates argue that the process of learning by doing is at the heart of this style of teaching. The concept, known as experiential learning, uses hands-on projects that allow students to learn by actively engaging in activities that put their knowledge to use. Progressive education is the best way for students to experience real-world situations, say advocates. For example, the workplace is a collaborative environment that requires teamwork, critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to work independently. Experiential learning, by helping students develop these skills, better prepares them for college and life as productive members of the workplace. Deep Roots Though progressive education is often looked upon as a modern invention, it actually has deep roots. John Dewey (Oct. 20, 1859–June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher and educator who started the progressive education movement with his influential writings. Dewey argued that education should not simply involve making students learn mindless facts that they would soon forget. He thought that education should be a journey of experiences, building upon each other to help students create and understand new experiences. Dewey also felt that schools at the time tried to create a world separate from students lives. School activities and the life experiences of the students should be connected, Dewey believed, or else real learning would be impossible. Cutting students off from their psychological ties—society and family—would make their learning journeys less meaningful and thereby make learning less memorable. The Harkness Table In traditional education, the teacher leads the class from the front, whereas a more progressive teaching model sees the teacher as a facilitator who interacts with students and encourages them to think and question the world around them. Teachers in a progressive education system often sit among students at a round table embracing the Harkness Method, a way of learning developed by philanthropist Edward Harkness, who made a donation to Phillips Exeter Academy and had a vision on how his donation might be used: What I have in mind is teaching...where boys could sit around a table with a teacher who would talk with them and instruct them by a sort of tutorial or conference method.   Harknesss thinking led to the creation of the so-called Harkness table, literally a round table, designed to facilitate interaction between the teacher and students during class. Progressive Education Today Many educational institutions have adopted progressive education, such as The Independent Curriculum Group, a community of schools that says education should include students needs, capacities, and voices as the heart of any program and that learning can be both an end unto itself and a doorway to discovery and purpose. Progressive schools  even enjoyed some favorable publicity when former President Barack Obama sent his daughters to the progressive school Dewey founded,  The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski